Abraham Lincoln, First Debate with Stephen free essay sample

Autonomy, and demanding that there is no correct standard Of activity however personal responsibility. Prior to continuing, let me state I think have no preference against the Southern individuals. They are exactly what we would be in their circumstance. On the off chance that subjugation didn't currently exist among them, they would not present it. On the off chance that it did now exist among us, we ought not in a split second surrender it. This I accept of the majority North and South. Without a doubt there are people on the two sides, who might not hold slaves under any conditions; and other people who might happily present servitude once again, in the event that it were out of existence.We realize that some Southern men do free their slaves, go North, and become tiptop Abolitionists; while some Northern ones go South, and become most savage slave drivers. At the point when Southern individuals reveal to us they are not any more liable for the starting point of subjugation than we, recognize the reality. At the point when it is said that the establishment exists, and that it is hard to dispose of it, in any agreeable way, can comprehend and value the truism. We will compose a custom exposition test on Abraham Lincoln, First Debate with Stephen or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I clearly won't censure them for not doing what ought not realize how to do myself.If all natural force were given me, I ought not comprehend what to do, concerning the current foundation. My first drive is free all the slaves, and send them to Liberia,- to their own local land. However, a minutes reflection would persuade me, that whatever of high expectation, (as I think there seems to be) there might be in this, over the long haul, its abrupt execution is incomprehensible. In the event that they were completely arrived there in a day, they would all die in the following ten days; and there are not surplus transportation and surplus cash enough on the planet to convey them there in ordinarily ten days.What at that point? Free them all, and keep them among us as subordinates? Is it very sure that this betters their condition? Figure I would not hold one in subjection at any ate; yet the fact of the matter isn't sufficiently clear to me to condemn individuals upon. What next? Free them, and make them strategically and socially our equivalents? My own sentiments won't concede to this; and if mine would, we surely understand that those of the incredible mass of white individuals won't. Regardless of whether this inclination concurs with equity and sound judgment, isn't the sole inquiry, assuming, in reality, it is any piece of it.A all inclusive inclination, whether well or badly established, can't be securely dismissed. We can't, at that point, make them approaches. It seems to me that frameworks of continuous liberation may be embraced; yet for their lateness in his, won't attempt to pass judgment on our brethren of the South. At the point when they help us to remember their established rights, I recognize them, not hesitantly, yet completely and reasonably; and would give them any enactment for the recovering of their outlaws, which ought not, in its rigidity, be bound to convey a liberated individual into bondage, than our customary criminal laws are to hang a blameless one.But this, to my judgment, outfits no more reason for allowing servitude to go into our own free domain, than it would for restoring the African slave-exchange by law. The law which prohibits the bringing of slaves from Africa, ND that which has so long preclude the taking of them to Nebraska, can scarcely be recognized on any ethical guideline; and the nullification of the previous could discover very as conceivable reasons as that of the last mentioned. I have motivation to realize that Judge Douglas realizes that I said this. Insight he has the appropriate response here to one of the inquiries he put to me. I don't intend to permit him to catechist me except if he takes care of for it in kind. Won't answer addresses in a steady progression, except if he responds; yet as he has made this request, and I have addressed it previously, he has received it without my receiving anything consequently. He as found my solution on the Fugitive Slave law. Presently, noble men, I dont need to peruse at any more prominent length, however this is the genuine appearance of all I have ever said concerning the foundation of bondage and the dark race. This is its entire, and anything that contends me into his concept of ideal social and political correspondence with the negro, is nevertheless a credible and phenomenal course of action of words, by which a man can demonstrate a pony chestnut to be a chestnut pony. [Laughter. ] I will say here, while upon this subject, have no reason, legitimately or in a roundabout way, to meddle with the foundation of bondage in the States here it exists. I trust I have no legitimate option to do as such, and have no tendency to do as such. I have no reason to present political and social correspondence between the white and the dark races.

Essay Writing Services - What Is the Top Paper Writing Services?

Essay Writing Services - What Is the Top Paper Writing Services?Looking for the best paper writing services that will meet your requirements? Well, it's pretty simple: You need to take a look at these top paper writing services and evaluate them on their quality before you can settle for one or the other.Anyone who is an expert in reading and understanding the thoughts of others can be called a good paper writer. What could you say, if you have never written a great essay? Sure, most students have not written a brilliant thesis, but that does not mean that they are not capable of composing the best essays as well.In order to make a good paper, you must possess a certain level of perfection. That is, you must write the essay without errors or exaggerations. Thus, to be better than your peers, it is necessary to look for an essay writer who is capable of doing this.One of the best ways to choose the best possible essay writer is to simply ask the potential paper writers to deliver some samples of their work. Of course, before you turn them down, you must take note of their ability to write and where they are specialized. Most likely, you will find your ideal essay writer who will be more than able to meet your expectations. After all, if you want to have the best possible essay, then finding one is a must.As you know, there are actually a lot of top paper writing services available. And when it comes to choosing among them, you may find it a bit difficult. However, you can simplify your task by considering some criteria:The most essential criteria you should consider is that of the writer's age. Obviously, if he/she is less than 35 years old, it would be hard for him/her to deliver any exceptional work.If you are looking for a paper writer for writing a thesis, you should look for those who have achieved a graduate degree. However, if you are looking for a different paper, then you should ask for samples of his/her work so that you can choose the best one for you r needs. Finally, you must also ask for feedback from friends and relatives. If you do so, you will surely get the perfect essay writing service for your needs.

Capt Cocos Cafe Feasibility Study - 8353 Words

Wesleyan University of the Philippines Mabini Extension, Cabanatuan City College of Business and Accountancy Prepared by: TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive Summary Highlights Conclusions to feasibility II. Project Background Project proponents Proposed name of the business Type of business organization Location of head office and factory III. Management Personnel Feasibility Personnel Management proposals System forms Design IV. Marketing Feasibility General Market description Demand Supply Demand Supply Analysis General Marketing Practices Proposed marketing program Projected Sales System forms design V. Production or Technical†¦show more content†¦In most shops, there is a wide range of options with the type of coffee drinks offered, starting with plain coffee and moving through a selection of specialty coffee drinks that are often difficult to find at restaurants and other locations. Many shops of this type also offer a limited selection of food and other beverages, making them ideal for a quick snack or a light meal. In some cases, the coffee shop is part of a large corporation. When this is the case, decisions about what types of coffee are sold are made at. Demand Supply Demand Supply Analysis General Marketing Practices Proposed marketing program Pricing strategy |STANDARD RECIPE | |Name of Dish: BANANA LOAF | | |Standard Yield: |6 servings | | | | | |Serving Size: | | | | |RAW MATERIALS |UNIT

Should Gay Marriage Be A Hot Button Issue - 944 Words

Gay marriage has been and is continuing to be a hot-button issue in America for some time now in which both sides have strong and passionate support. To say the least hysteria and outrage has ensued leading to discrimination against a whole community of people. Questions like â€Å"Is homosexuality genetically caused or is it by choice?† have been one of the main debating points. Everyone has an opinion on this question but few valid scientific answers have been provided but this could start to change rather quickly. According to new scientific studies there is a growing amount of evidence that being gay is not by choice but is predetermined by our DNA. A psychologist at Northwestern University named J. Michael Bailey conducted an experiment on families with at least a pair of gay brothers. This experiment was able to recruit 409 pairs of gay brothers and to the surprise of Bailey and his team it found that there were linkages in two parts of the DNA linking to sexuality (Ser vick NP). This is one study that shows strong evidence leaning towards the argument that being gay is not by choice but is genetically predetermined. While discrimination towards homosexuals isn’t nearly as severe and blatantly open like it was towards the African American community before the Civil Rights Movement is it not the same issue. Discrimination towards a group of people due to a factor in which they cannot control. This type of discrimination goes against the core American message of life,Show MoreRelated210243 gay marriage Essays999 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Controversies Surrounding Gay Marriages: How Much the Fabric of Society Can Withstand Student’s name: Institution: Abstract The issue of gay marriages has been discussed for quite a while from a number of perspectives; however, its economic aspects are rarely touched upon. In their article Firms balk at gay weddings, Nathan Koppel and Ashey Jones shed some light on the controversy surrounding the provision of services regarding the arrangement of same sex weddings from the perspectiveRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Rights1505 Words   |  7 Pagesslavery, ending segregation, fighting for the rights of minorities, and granting rights to women. In today’s age the topical hot button is gay rights and if their rights overcome religious rights. The LGBT has been pushing hard for the past few years and has changed the way we think by getting a better understanding of who they are. Recent gains such as same-sex marriage has been a great leap forward in history and shows how acceptance of those who are different from the normal becomes more definedRead MoreThe School Act Of Building Student s Sexuality And Ge nder1730 Words   |  7 Pagesnot. A mere social interaction between teenagers can be seen as sexual to the school, just like when black girls are discouraged from dancing. Furthermore, girls are required to wear a dress at the prom, while boys are required to suit up. Belly buttons are supposed to be covered for girls and trousers are supposed to remain at the waistline for boys. These gender specific instructions intersects with racial specific instructions and inevitably shape the minds of these students at River High, ofRead MoreEssay on The Battle for Homosexual Adoption1696 Words   |  7 Pageshouseholds. The blame does not solely fall on him though; many people in the world today are in the dark about whether or not to allow gay and lesbian parents to adopt children. 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In 2003, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that same-sex couples had the right to marry which provoked a firestorm of debate. The discussion extends from private livings rooms and local watering holes; all the way to the floor of the U.S. Congress and the White House. The debate about same-sex marriage has become a hot button issue, which pits secular-progressives who support gay-rights against religious and social traditionalistsRead MoreBlogging And Social Networking...The New World Order? Essay985 Words   |  4 Pageswhat people fail to take into consideration when doing research on this site is â€Å"anyone with opposable thumbs and a fifth-grade education anyone call publish anything† information posted by these people is not edited or reviewed by anyone, the enter button is pressed and whatever people write is out there for anyone else to take as fact. Not all blogs are bad a lot of them have credibility and references to back up fact â€Å"what happens when blogs go mainstream† argues the good for blogging and how

The Legend Of King Arthur Essay Research free essay sample

The Legend Of King Arthur Essay, Research Paper The Legend of King Arthur The Origins and Different Interpretations of the Legend Today There are infinite versions of the fable of King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table. Most English versions are based on Sir Thomas Malory # 8217 ; s Le Morte d # 8217 ; Arthur, but where did these narratives originate, and what different readings are at that place today? This essay seeks to analyze the roots and different renderings of the assorted fables go arounding today. The first subdivision trades with the beginnings of the fable. The 2nd subdivision speculates on who the # 8220 ; existent # 8221 ; King Arthur could hold been. A comparing of several different versions, and suggestions of why they differ are given in the 3rd subdivision, and the decision presents an analysis on the ambiguity of the fable. The first inquiry is, when and where did these narratives originate? It is said that the earliest narratives refering King Arthur are the Welsh tales # 8220 ; Culhwch and Olwen # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Dream of Rhonabwy # 8221 ; dating from before the 1lth century ( Ford web page ) . Around 1139 Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote # 8220 ; Historia Regum Britanniae # 8221 ; ( History of the Kings of Britain ) which # 8216 ; glorified Arthur and made him an international warlord # 8217 ; ( Green web page ) . There seems to be much argument over whether Geoffrey made these narratives up or whether he took most of his information from an earlier British beginning terra incognita to us as he claims. It can non be denied, nevertheless, that regardless of their historical credibleness, it was because of them that the name of Arthur, purely regional until so, spread to and inspired people all over the universe. The Gallic medieval poet, Chretien de Troys, brought most of the characters and narratives we know today to the fable at around 1160-90. He transformed the names of Geoffrey # 8217 ; s characters from Welsh to the medieval French used today, and he was the 1 who introduced the celebrated knights, Lancelot, Gawain and Percivale. He was besides the first to utilize the name # 8220 ; Camelot # 8221 ; for Arthur # 8217 ; s central office, and it was he who foremost told us of the Grail, though he didn # 8217 ; t associate any spiritual significance to it ( It was Robert de Boron who is responsible for transforming the grail into a holy symbol, in 1210 ) . He was # 8220 ; the first to provide the literary signifier of the love affair, to the transmittal of the narratives of Arthur. # 8221 ; ( Britannia web page ) In the early thirteenth century, the Vulgate Cycle is written, altering the narratives from poetry to prose. The stuff begins to take on more historical and spiritual overtones, and here the thought that Mordred is the incestuous boy ofArthur is introduced ( David Nash Ford web page ) . In the fifteenth century, Sir Thomas Malory # 8217 ; s Le Morte de Arthur is published. It is # 8220 ; the unequivocal English Athurian love affair # 8221 ; ( Britannia web page ) , and # 8220 ; With one shot of his pen, he transformed Arthur # 8217 ; s Court from Dark Age obscureness to the tallness of in-between age pageantry # 8221 ; ( David Nash Ford web page ) . It is on this book that many of the modern versions are based, but by this clip, it is chiefly a work of literature, and there is small history left amongst his pages. From these roots, many celebrated poets and authors have been inspired. William Blake, Sir Walter Scott, William Wordsworth, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Matthew Arnold Alfred Lord Tennyson, Mark Twain, Thomas Hardy, C.S.Lewis, John Steinbeck, Mary Stuart, and many, many more Harmonizing to Geoffrey Ashe, the popularity of this fable is due to the fact that the narratives # 8220 ; appealed to a broad assortment of involvements, in an age when there wasn # 8217 ; t much in the manner of inventive fiction, # 8221 ; and that # 8220 ; there was something for everybody # 8221 ; . He besides points out that it # 8220 ; embodies the dream of a aureate age which is found in many societies and mythologies, # 8221 ; nd that # 8220 ; it # 8217 ; s something we # 8217 ; vitamin Ds like to believe in # 8221 ; ( Britannia web page ) . The figure of versions go arounding today merely goes to demo how true this is. But who precisely was King Arthur, and did he truly be? Assorted historiographers have debated over this, and there are many contradictory theories. Geoffrey of Monmouth presents him as a High King of Britain, boy of Uther Pendragon and nephew to King Ambrosious. He is said to be born around 465 ( Britannia web page ) . Geoffrey Ash nevertheless insists that he is Riothamus, a historical male monarch in Brittany. The job with this theory is that it pushes King Arthur back fifty old ages back from his traditional period at the beginning of the 6th century ( David Nash Ford web page ) . Some say he was dated falsely and that he was truly Caractus, the first century leader of British opposition to Rome, or Lucius Artorious Castus, a Roman commanding officer in the 2nd century ( this is the first visual aspect of the name, Artorious, in history -Britannia web site ) . Thymine here are besides theories that he was a Welsh male monarch, a Scots prince, a Northern British male monarch, or even a Roman emperor. When it comes this far, it is impossible to take the most dependable theory. How can one state he was a British male monarch contending against the Romans, and a Roman emperor at the same clip? Because of this, there is the position that Arthur was likely non originally a historical figure but instead a folkloric, epic one ( Thomas Green web page ) . However, as you can state from the fact that even a existent British male monarch # 8211 ; Edward I # 8211 ; claimed to be his replacement, everyone wants to be portion of that charming and cryptic fable that is King Arthur. It is because he is so shrouded in myth that so many conflicting theories can be founded, and we all feel so drawn to him. He is a myth and every bit long as he stays a myth, we can all go on theorizing and spread outing upon our dreams about the fable. It doesn # 8217 ; t truly affair who he truly was, or even if he existed at all. It is adequate that he exists as a fable and continues to animate us. What of the fable itself, so? There are so many different versions ( as in the instance of the individuality of King Arthur ) , and many of them contradict each other. There is besides the job of the dealingss of the characters. For illustration, Mordred is introduced as the incestuous boy of King Arthur in most instances, but there are versions where he is presented as Morgan Le Faye # 8217 ; s boy. One of the grounds may be because of an version for kids, but some writers may hold blended Morgan Le Faye with her sister Margawse ( Britannia web page ) # 8211 ; with whom King Arthur is said to hold conceived Mordred # 8211 ; in order to do a clear differentiation between the forces for and against King Athur. In most versions, Morgan Le Faye # 8217 ; s boy is Uwayne, who tries to halt his female parent from plotting immorality. Even Margwse # 8217 ; s relation to Arthur differs in version. Some present her and Elayne as Queen Igraine # 8217 ; s sisters, whereas others say she a nd Elayne are Igraine # 8217 ; s girls. Sometimes the characters # 8217 ; dealingss differ even within the same version. For illustration, Sir Lyonel is foremost introduced as Sir Lancelot # 8217 ; s nephew, but comes out subsequently as his cousin. The same with Sir Ector de Marys. He is presented as Sir Lancelot # 8217 ; s cousin, so as his brother. Why the clutter? Well, the myth on which it is based is a clutter in itself as we can see from its roots. It # 8217 ; s all so really obscure it can be changed in any manner the writer likes. That # 8217 ; s why it # 8217 ; s so popular ; no affair how you change it, you can ever back up your theory with the uncertainness of the facts. In the instance of this fable, even the small facts that exist can be supported or denied, and that is what distinguishes it from other fables. Take the decease of King Arthur. In 1190, monastics in Glastonbury claim to hold discovered King Arthur # 8217 ; s grave. It was even inscribed with his name. Yet, it was still problematic. Some said it was non King Arthur but Sir Lancelot ; some said it was merely an innovation by the monastics to pull prestigiousness to their abbey. Some insisted he didn # 8217 ; t decease, and that he sailed off to Avalon to be cured. Some said the flatboat that carried him away was his funeral vas, and that he was buri ed anonymously. Still others say he sleeps in a cave expecting to be awakened in Britain # 8217 ; s clip of demand. Whatever the truth ( if there is a truth ) , the fact remains that we may neer cognize, and that is what makes it so great. As we have seen, King Arthur and the fables refering him are extremely equivocal, and will ever be unfastened to debate. It is a really muddling subject, and it is impossible to believe merely one beginning, for the minute you believe you have found something important, you are faced with a theory stating the exact antonym of what you have merely read. The lone thing that can be concluded from researching this subject is that it is the fact that nil can be concluded that entreaties to us and pull so many people into the captivation of this fable. The room left for imaginativeness is what made King Arthur and his knights immortal Web sites: hypertext transfer protocol: //britannia.com/history/arthur/ -Britannia # 8217 ; s website on King Arthur. Includes a timeline, an interview with Geoffrey Ashe, chronology, life on characters, and much more. hypertext transfer protocol: //freespace.virgin.net/david.ford2/arthur.html -David Nash Ford s website on King Arthur. Includes a elaborate research on the roots of the fable, along with guesss on the individuality of the male monarch. Sympathetic to Geoffrey of Monmouth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.users.globalnet.co.uk/tomgreen/figures.html -Thomas Green # 8217 ; s website on King Arthur. Explores assorted facets of the Arthurian fable and literature. Includes assorted theories on characters. 339

Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis Essay Example

Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis Paper Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the worlds worst pollution problems Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking. In the United States, we spend about 80-90% of our time inside buildings, and so our exposure to harmful indoor pollutants can be serious. It is therefore important to consider both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Outdoor Air Pollution Smog is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical sections between pollutants derived from different sources, primarily automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. Cities are often centers of these types of activities, and many suffer from the effects of smog, especially during the warm months of the year. Another consequence of outdoor air pollution is acid rain. When a pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with droplets of water in the air, the water (or snow) can become acidified . The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious. It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and treats. Damage due to acid rain kills trees and harms animals, fish, and other wildlife. The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Environment Canada are among the organizations that are actively studying the acid rain problem. The Greenhouse Effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. We will write a custom essay sample on Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Plants convert carbon dioxide back to oxygen, but the release of carbon dioxide from human activities is higher than the worlds plants can process. The situation is made worse since many of the earths forests are being removed, and plant life is being damaged by acid rain. Thus, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase. This buildup acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surface of our earth. Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt. Ozone depletion is another result of pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere , one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Release of chlorofluorocarbons (Cuffs) from aerosol cans, cooling systems and refrigerator equipment removes some of the ozone, causing holes; to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to reach the earth. Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer and has damaging effects on plants and wildlife. Indoor Air Pollution Many people spend large portion of time indoors as much as 80-90% of their lives. We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed environments where IR circulation may be restricted. For these reasons, some experts feel that more people suffer from the effects of indoor air pollution than outdoor pollution. There are many sources of indoor air pollution. Tobacco smoke, cooking and heating appliances, and vapors from building materials, paints, furniture, etc. Cause pollution inside buildings. Radon is a natural radioactive gas released from the earth, and it can be found concentrated in basements in some parts of the United States. Additional information about the radon problem is available from the SWIGS and the Minnesota Radon Project. Pollution exposure at home and work is often greater than outdoors. The California Air Resources Board estimates that indoor air pollutant levels are 25-62% greater than outside levels and can pose serious health problems. Pollutants Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone -? one Of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include: Sulfur oxides (SOX) especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula ASS. ASS is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of ASS, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NON, forms HOSES, and thus acid rain. Nitrogen oxides (Knox) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NON. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO) a colorless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration Volatile organic compounds Voss are an important outdoor air pollutant In this field they are Often divided into the separate categories of methane (CHI) and non-methane (Moves). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming.. Particulate matter Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny articles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Increased levels affine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart altered lung function and lung cancer. Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease. [4][5] Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. Chlorofluorocarbons (CIFS) harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use. Ammonia (NH) emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. Odors such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. Secondary pollutants include: Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word smog is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. Ground level ozone (03) formed from Knox and Voss. Ozone (03) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer Approximately nitrate (PAN) similarly formed from Knox and Voss. Minor air pollutants include: * A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. * A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter. How can air pollution hurt my health? Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. People with health problems such as asthma, earth and lung disease may also suffer more when the air is polluted. The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals, I. E. , the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be taken into account. Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. In the great Smog Disaster in London in 1952, four thousand people died in a few days due to the high concentrations Of pollution. Eng-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly. It is estimated that half a million people die prematurely every year in the United States as a result of smoking cigarettes. Reduction efforts Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input control involves preventing a problem before it occurs, or at least limiting the effects the process will produce. Five major input control methods exist. People may try to restrict population growth, use less energy, improve energy efficiency, reduce waste, and move to non-polluting renewable forms of energy production. Also, automobile-produced pollution can be decreased tit highly beneficial results. Different Ways To Prevent Air Pollution Vehicle Care: Timely servicing of the car helps to keep it in a good condition and also minimizes fuel exhaust. Driving the car at an average speed and turning off in traffic is a key to save fuel. Make sure to use unleaded petrol and opt for regular pollution checking of your car. Public Transport: Whenever possible, try to travel by public transports. This helps in two ways; prevents air pollution and increases public income. If you are going to a nearby place, go by walking Or use bicycle, instead of using your vehicle. The objective is to minimize the use of fuels, as far as possible. Alternative Energy Source: Another effective way to prevent air pollution is to use alternative energy sources such as solar energy, hydroelectric energy and wind energy. Nowadays, sophisticated technologies such as wind turbine, solar water heaters are introduced to generate electricity and other energy forms for the household use. Saving Energy: Saving energy will, of course, help to prevent air pollution. Switch off the lights, fans, air conditioners, televisions, and other appliances, when not in use. You can also share a room with others when the air intentioned or fan is on, instead of switching them on in every room. Minimize Air Pollutants: Always try to minimize smoke emission, as it can contribute to air pollution. One way is to compost dried leaves and kitchen waste, instead of burning them. Composting will also give you organic fertilizer for your garden. While buying the products, always choose air- friendly and recyclable products that will minimize the emission of pollutants. Floods There are few places on Earth where people need not be concerned about flooding. Any place where rain falls is vulnerable, although rain is not the only impetus for flood. A flood occurs when water overflows or inundates land thats normally dry. This can happen in a multitude of ways. Most common is when rivers or streams overflow their banks. Excessive rain, a ruptured dam or levee, rapid ice melting in the mountains, or even an unfortunately placed beaver dam can overwhelm a river and send it spreading over the adjacent land, called a floodplain. Coastal flooding occurs when a large storm or tsunami causes the sea to surge inland. Most floods take hours or even days to develop, giving residents ample time to prepare or evacuate. Others generate quickly and with little warning. These flash floods can be extremely dangerous, instantly turning a babbling brook into a thundering wall of water and sweeping everything in its path downstream. Types of Floods Revering * Slow kinds: Runoff from sustained rainfall or rapid snow melt exceeding the capacity of a rivers channel. Causes include heavy rains from monsoons, hurricanes and tropical depressions, foreign winds and warm rain affecting snow pack. Unexpected drainage obstructions such as landslides, ice, or debris can cause slow flooding upstream of the obstruction. Fast kinds: include flash floods resulting from convective precipitation (intense thunderstorms) or sudden release from an upstream impoundments created behind a dam, landslide, or glacier. Estuarine * Commonly caused by a combination of sea tidal surges caused by storm- force winds. A storm surge, from either a tropical cyclone or an extraterritorial cyclone, falls within this category. Coastal * Caused by severe sea storms, or as a result of another hazard (e. G. Tsunami or hurricane). A storm surge, from either a tropical cyclone or an extraterritorial cyclone, falls within this category. Catastrophic * Caused by a significant and unexpected event e. G. Dam breakage, or as a result of another hazard (e. G. Earthquake or volcanic eruption). Human- induced * Accidental damage by workmen to tunnels or pipes. Muddy * A muddy flood is produced by an accumulation of runoff generated on cropland. Sediments are then detached by runoff and carried as suspended matter or bed load. Muddy runoff is more likely detected when it reaches inhabited areas. Muddy floods are therefore a hill slope process, and confusion with mudflows produced by mass movements should be avoided. Other Floods can occur if water accumulates across an impermeable surface (e. G. From rainfall) and cannot rapidly dissipate (I. E. Gentle orientation or low evaporation). * A series of storms moving over the same area. * Dam-building beavers can flood low-lying urban and rural areas, often causing significant damage. Effects of Floods Primary effects * Physical damage Can damage any type of structure, including bridges, cars, buildings, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals. Secondary effects * Water supplies Contamination of water. Clean drinking water becomes * Diseases -? Unhygienic conditions. Spread of water-borne diseases. Scarce. * Crops and food supplies Shortage of food crops can be caused due to loss of entire harvest. [4] However, lowlands near rivers depend upon river silt deposited by floods in order to add nutrients to the local soil. * Trees Non- tolerant species can die from suffocation. [5] * Transport Transport links destroyed, so hard to get emergency aid to those who need it. Tertiary/long- term effects Economic Economic hardship, due to: temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, food shortage leading to price increase, etc. Control In many countries across the world, rivers prone to floods are often carefully managed. Defenses such as levees,[6] funds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks. When these defenses fail, emergency measures such as sandbags or portable inflatable tubes are used. Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas with coastal defenses, such as sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands. Many governments mandate that residents flood-prone areas purchase flood insurance and build flood-resistant structures. Massive efforts to taiga and redirect inevitable floods have resulted in some of the most ambitious engineering efforts ever seen, including New Orleans extensive levee system and massive dikes and dams in the Netherlands. And highly advanced computer modeling now lets disaster authorities predict with amazing accuracy where floods will OCCUr and how severe theyre likely to be. Drought Drought is a period or condition of unusually dry weather within a geographic area where rainfall is normally present. During a drought there is a lack of precipitation. Droughts occur in all climatic zones. However, its characteristics array significantly from one region to another. Drought usually results in a water shortage that seriously interferes with human activity. Water-supply reservoirs empty, wells dry up, and crop damage ensues. Its seriousness depends on the degree of the water shortage, size Of area affected, and the duration and warmth Of the dry period. In many underdeveloped countries, such as India, people place a great demand on water supply. During a drought period there is a lack of water, and thus many of the poor die. Most precipitation depends on water vapor carried by winds from an ocean or other source of moisture. If these moisture-carrying winds are replaced by winds from a dry region, or if they are modified by downward motion, as in the center of an anticyclone, the weather is abnormally dry and often persistently cloudless. If the drought period is short, it is known as a dry spell. A dry spell is usually more than 14 days without precipitation, whereas a severe drought may last for years. Impacts of Drought Drought produces a large number of impacts that affects the social, environmental, and economical standard of living. Its affects spread far beyond the physical effects of drought itself. Water is integral to produce odds and provide certain services-Some direct impacts of drought are reduced crop, rangeland, and forest productivity; reduced Water levees; increased fire hazard; increased livestock and wildlife death rates; and damage to wildlife and fish habitat. A reduction in crop productivity usually results in less income for farmers, increased prices for food, unemployment, and migration. The many effects of drought can be listed as economic, environmental, or social. Effects of Drought Economic Loss of national economic growth, slowing down of economic development Damage to crop quality, less food production Increase in food prices Increased importation of food (higher costs) Insect infestation Plant disease Unavailability of water and feed for livestock which leads to high livestock mortality rates Disruption of reproduction cycles (breeding delays or unfilled pregnancies) Environmental Increased desertification Damage to animal species Reduction and degradation offish and wildlife habitat Lack of feed and drinking water Disease Increased predation. Social Food shortages Loss of human life from food shortages, heat, suicides, violence and physical stress Water user conflicts Political conflicts Increased poverty Types of Drought Meteorological, Hydrological, Agricultural and Socioeconomic Meteorological Drought Mental Meteorological drought is the amount of dryness and the duration of the dry period. Atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation change from area to area. Agricultural Drought Agricultural drought mainly effects food production and farming. Agricultural drought and precipitation shortages bring soil water deficits, reduced ground water or reservoir levels, and so on. More of these effects can be listed by clicking here. Deficient topsoil moisture at planting may stop germination, leading to low plant populations. Hydrological Drought Hydrological drought is associated with the effects of periods of precipitation shortages on water supply. Water in hydrological storage systems such as reservoirs and rivers are often used for multiple purposes such as flood control, irrigation, recreation, navigation, hydrophone, and wildlife habitat. Competition for water in these storage systems escalates during drought and conflicts between water users increase significantly. Socioeconomic Drought Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall in water supply. The supply of many economic goods, such as water, forage, food grains, fish, and hydroelectric power, depends on weather. Due to variability of climate, water supply is sufficient in some years but not satisfactory to meet human and environmental needs in other years.

The Physics of Bridges essays

The Physics of Bridges essays Bridges are a very important part of everyday life. They can save hours in traveling time each day or connect to pieces of land together. The everyday man may not appreciate them but they are by engineers and fans of physics. Bridges are perfect examples of physics. There are different types of bridges, each with a specific purpose. The ones that we chose to talk about are beam, arches, and suspension bridges. Beam bridges are the cheapest type of bridge to make. They are the most simplest to construct compared to the others. The simplest form of a beam bridge would if you took a board of any size and placed it over two desk that are closer than the boards length. If the gap is to great or too much of a load is added then the board will sag greatly. This may be solved if, the thickness of the board is increased or there are supports that are put in. The arch bridge is one of the oldest forms of a bridge. It is like a inverted suspension bridge, with all the tension replaced by compression, and vice versa. There are differences in the stability of the system. An example would be if you, hung a rope across a gap, and it will return to its original position, after some oscillation. Though you cannot hang it in the shape of an arch, even if it could be done the slightest disturbance would send it flying. One reason that an arch bridge has good support is that the volume between the road and the arches is it is filled with masonry, which adds rigidity. The other is that the arch has substantial thickness, so that even with variation in the load, the line of thrust passes through the voussoirs. Suspension bridges are the light and strong and can span distances of 2,000 to 7,000 feet, which is far longer than any other type. Though they are very good they are the most expensive. What a suspension bridge does it suspends the roadway from huge main cables, which extend from one end ...