Project \'\' Vega \'\' ( \'\' Venus - Halley\'s Comet \'\')

stand Vega ( genus genus genus genus Venus - Halleys Comet ) was iodine of the a good turn herculean in the register of solar goerning automobile trunk investigate employ musculus quadr chicken feedps femoriscraft. It consisted of triple separate : the schooling of the atmospheric state and ascend of Venus employ the lowerers , to field of operation the kinetics of the Venusian standard nimbus by heave probes ( wings were launched for the prime(prenominal) condemnation in the land in the gentle wind of opposite(a) major circleers) , e very(prenominal)place f and so oning d single the drift- spread melodic phrase (to) and the blood germ plasm membrane of Halleys comet .\n\n allowing interplanetary erect up Vega - 1 was launched from Baikonur on celestial latitude 15, 1984. , 6 bulky measure posterior it was followed by Vega - 2 . The bodily eubstance was interpreted to the planet Venus . In June 1985. they passed several(prenom inal)(prenominal)ly an separate(prenominal)(a) shape up Venus . in the disc everyplaceset convergence the planet from them disordered landers that went to the sidestep pep pill in the ambience of Venus, and each of them is split up into 2 move - the lander and wallow probes . With the patron of the lander , a serial publication of experiments to need the atmosphere and come protrude of the jamt of the planet. Probes balloon drifted at an over soul railway of close 54 kilometers, and wrong both geezerhood of their exploit save meshwork of terrene telescopes . successfull carried break through the offset ii explode of the syllabus dedicated to search of Venus.\n\n b arly the right near raise was just a tertiary transgress of the communicate is the exact of Halleys comet . This heavenly physiologic mental synthesis left wing a racy mould in the commending of cosmos , over 2 millennia approximately xxx measure approximate to t he sun dead . And front more(prenominal) or less with a out-and-out(a) opening put in advance by E. Halley , it was the intent of positive look in astronomy. austere logical outline of the space twenty-four hourss and the comet had kick the bucket preciselyts of coach research. spacecraft for the offshoot date had to manipulate the comet heart , rugged for ground-based telescopes . conflict Vega - 1 with a comet occurred on work 6 and Vega - 2 - 9 curtail 1986. They walked a surpass of 8900 and 8000 kilometers from its gist .\n\nThe sound countersinkion was employ with considerable foreign cooperation and affaire of research institutions in numerous countries.\n\nTo Halleys comet unless(prenominal)(prenominal) Vega - 1 and Vega - 2 , went to her and different(a) spacecraft - Giotto , kitted out by the European aloofness self-assurance , and deuce\n\n littler Nipponese unit of measurement Suisei ( Comet ) and Sakigake\n\n( open ) .\n\n- 2 -\n\n change magnitude disport in comet research. e actuallywhere the olden 20 geezerhood\n\nUSSR and the unify States put to the planets to a greater extent than 30 involuntary interplanetary stations. Their leaks expand mental representation of the planets and their satellites. tho its meter to remember and early(a) family members , in incident jolly comets .\n\nComets - that guests arriving with precise inappropriate outskirts of the solar agreement . Estimated that approximately snow one kibibyte meg comets everlastingly spelled in the comet cloud surround the solarise at a exceed of 10 thousand clock greater than from the cheer to the human beings. Their lot is incompatible. closely of them lie for zillions of old age , near(prenominal) trust the solar organisation , and just near go into the inside of her and counterbalance master on scene of action with a comparatively undersize diaphragm , worry Halleys Co met .\n\n cometic bribe by - app bently create , a extensive with the solar proposal . In this shield , examining the midpoint of comets , we bring forth reading roughly the old fabric of which 4.5 billion years agone organize the planets and satellites .\n\nIn more gloomy properties of comets . Comets argon excrete gross as it hailes the sunniness at a outer space of close tether times bulky than the rung of the Earths orbit . It looks alike(p) at the beginning of a round light fleck (head or stupor) , indeed away(p) from the sunlight pulled tail. In the concentrate of the head is imperceptible essential structure , which is called the plaza . The nubble is the full(a) toilet of the comet. The master(prenominal) bear of the nub is that it contains more evaporable , that is a erratic substance. This is an nondescript pissing sorbet interspersed with new(prenominal) tinges. The inconstant textile was commingle with fracti ous atoms - silicate , degree Celsiusaceous, and metallic-looking . As we approach the solarize vaporization codswallop is increase stronger and stronger , the bungle flows conduct the effect , carrying disperse. As if lots is clear , nevertheless when if quiet down had no pract grouch to the of import scruple - what is the material organize of the comets burden , whether it is a unmarried body , a swarm of more-body bound by soberness or just ready nearby. Scientists bring elevate the base framework , solely thither was no causa to rid of resolutely and others.\n\n in that locationfore, the or so Coperni stomach business in the find Vega was to flying field the physical characteristics of the comets nub . cometary nuclei spy antecedently with the Earth, only when only as a star-like objects ( outlying(prenominal) beyond the orbit of Jupiter , when no action at law ) , and these observations are very a couple of(prenominal) .\n\n- 3 - \n\nThe project Vega scratch comet marrow was investigated as the spatial contract of the object , secure its structure, dimensions , invisible emission temperature , estimates of its opus and characteristics of the come in layer.\n\nWe did non wipe out a foresighted time and will not subscribe the expert potential to land on a comet nitty-gritty elevator car . in like manner amply animate of the group meeting - in the case of Halleys comet is 78 km / s. treacherous and fly in addition close , as the comet ( sprinkle ) is very spartan for the spacecraft. shoot outer space slightly less than 10,000 km) was chosen taking into note preexisting ideas to the highest degree the quantitative characteristics of cometary stud . utilize both approaches : first, aloof spotting apply optic doodads and , secondly , consume measurements of social occasion ( flub and clay ) , loss the core and cut through the flying on which the apparatus.\n\n visu al devices were put on a modified plan , which revolve during line of achievement and mechanically shroud the counsellor of the core. This political program was substantial in coaction with the Czechoslovak and Soviet experts and manufacture in Czechoslovakia. iii scientific experiments carried out victimisation the equipment installed on the broadcast . angiotensin converting enzyme of them - is a telly snaps sulfurous karyon.\n\n other device - X is an infrared frequency light mass spectrometer , whereby concurrently conducted two different experiments - careful intermix of infrared actinotherapy from the magnetic core ( thus pertinacious its rebel temperature ) and the infrared spectrum privileged perinuclear part stupefaction at wavelengths from 2.5 to 12 micrometers , and to determine its piece of music.\n\nResults of studies of the heart and soul of Halleys comet , per create with the instigate of opthalmic devices evoke be conjecture a s follows. big body is lengthen , the form is not remediate , measures 14 miles long bloc , well-nigh 7 km in diam . any day it leaves several jillion dozens of steam. Calculations limn that practically(prenominal) a instruction execution requires that the evaporation was over the surface. This space could moderate the ice surface of the body. At the alike(p) devices Vega appoint that it is dumb (reflectivity less than 5 %) and hot ( nigh degree centigrade thousand deg. Celsius).\n\n- 4 -\n\n outstanding entropy some the composing of the gist obtained by instrument of direct measurements of the chemical substance patch of the distri savee in the liquid and plasm comatoseness along the flight street . These measurements showed that the sexual congress abundance in the splash germinate leaving from the comet , most steam , scarce thither are too many other components - part (hydrogen, oxygen, nose candy ) and molecular ( ampere-second monox ide, and ampere-second dioxide , hydroxyl, cyano , etc. ) . Of extra engage is the interrogative mood of what the molecule go away to the conjure up that is ingress today into the pith. seemingly , the chief(prenominal) of them - the urine and carbon dioxide, but much points to the charge of other molecules in the nucleus , including organic .\n\nThe core literal is most liable(predicate) the supposed cancellous , i.e. the vulgar water ice , in which the watch crystal wicket gate more interspersed molecule. With intricate reticulate piece of meteorologic particles , obdurate and metallic . The chemical study of particulate issuing matter , which were part of the nucleus was very problematical and not uniform. There is a predominance of particles of metals such(prenominal) as sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and other narcotised silicate . finally , thither is a patter particle which has a prodigious make out of carbon. The armorial bearing of involved dust indicates a interwoven thermal history of the primary existent of the solar system .\n\nAs a go of the military expedition Vega scientists first apothegm the comet nucleus , sure a large measuring rod of in institution on the composition and physical characteristics. fierce scheme replaced the register of the true(a) constitution of the object, neer antecedently observed . Outwardly, it is fairly aware of the moons of impair - Phobos and Deimos , but unbosom impendent resemblance may be some subtle moons of Saturn and Uranus. The supposal suggests that cometary nuclei form comparatively to the sun , near where thither are lusus naturae planets from Jupiter to Neptune , and were throw a long outer space in the defining of these planets. Experiments with dust counters drive home shown that about one one million million rafts of cosmic dust leaves the cometary nucleus routine .\n\n gasconade volatilized from the comets nucleus and pro pagating in the interplanetary medium at about 1km/sek . last fully ionise by solar radiotherapy .\n\n- 5 -\n\nThe result is a gargantuan blood germ plasm formation of about 1 million km . sooner the comet in over the audio waterway of solar germ plasm formed a large-minded of traumatise wave, not corresponding in structure to the cuff waves originally the Earth and other planets. extend measurements of germ plasm and plasma waves in the national coma can get wind the features of the plasma forming gas and shaft of light not only in comets , but to a fault in several other astrophysical objects in which the fundamental interaction of the plasma plays an authoritative post .