Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis Essay Example

Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis Paper Indoor air pollution and urban air quality are listed as two of the worlds worst pollution problems Pollution also needs to be considered inside our homes, offices, and schools. Some of these pollutants can be created by indoor activities such as smoking and cooking. In the United States, we spend about 80-90% of our time inside buildings, and so our exposure to harmful indoor pollutants can be serious. It is therefore important to consider both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Outdoor Air Pollution Smog is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution. It is caused by chemical sections between pollutants derived from different sources, primarily automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. Cities are often centers of these types of activities, and many suffer from the effects of smog, especially during the warm months of the year. Another consequence of outdoor air pollution is acid rain. When a pollutant, such as sulfuric acid combines with droplets of water in the air, the water (or snow) can become acidified . The effects of acid rain on the environment can be very serious. It damages plants by destroying their leaves, it poisons the soil, and it changes the chemistry of lakes and treats. Damage due to acid rain kills trees and harms animals, fish, and other wildlife. The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Environment Canada are among the organizations that are actively studying the acid rain problem. The Greenhouse Effect, also referred to as global warming, is generally believed to come from the build up of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced when fuels are burned. We will write a custom essay sample on Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Floods And Droughts Essay Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Plants convert carbon dioxide back to oxygen, but the release of carbon dioxide from human activities is higher than the worlds plants can process. The situation is made worse since many of the earths forests are being removed, and plant life is being damaged by acid rain. Thus, the amount of carbon dioxide in the air is continuing to increase. This buildup acts like a blanket and traps heat close to the surface of our earth. Changes of even a few degrees will affect us all through changes in the climate and even the possibility that the polar ice caps may melt. Ozone depletion is another result of pollution. Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere , one of the atmospheric layers surrounding earth. The ozone layer in the stratosphere protects the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Release of chlorofluorocarbons (Cuffs) from aerosol cans, cooling systems and refrigerator equipment removes some of the ozone, causing holes; to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to reach the earth. Ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer and has damaging effects on plants and wildlife. Indoor Air Pollution Many people spend large portion of time indoors as much as 80-90% of their lives. We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed environments where IR circulation may be restricted. For these reasons, some experts feel that more people suffer from the effects of indoor air pollution than outdoor pollution. There are many sources of indoor air pollution. Tobacco smoke, cooking and heating appliances, and vapors from building materials, paints, furniture, etc. Cause pollution inside buildings. Radon is a natural radioactive gas released from the earth, and it can be found concentrated in basements in some parts of the United States. Additional information about the radon problem is available from the SWIGS and the Minnesota Radon Project. Pollution exposure at home and work is often greater than outdoors. The California Air Resources Board estimates that indoor air pollutant levels are 25-62% greater than outside levels and can pose serious health problems. Pollutants Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a motor vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. An important example of a secondary pollutant is ground level ozone -? one Of the many secondary pollutants that make up photochemical smog. Some pollutants may be both primary and secondary: that is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. Major primary pollutants produced by human activity include: Sulfur oxides (SOX) especially sulfur dioxide, a chemical compound with the formula ASS. ASS is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide. Further oxidation of ASS, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NON, forms HOSES, and thus acid rain. Nitrogen oxides (Knox) especially nitrogen dioxide are emitted from high temperature combustion. Can be seen as the brown haze dome above or plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula NON. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, non-irritating but very poisonous gas. It is a product by incomplete combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. Vehicular exhaust is a major source of carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide (CO) a colorless, odorless, non-toxic greenhouse gas associated with ocean acidification, emitted from sources such as combustion, cement production, and respiration Volatile organic compounds Voss are an important outdoor air pollutant In this field they are Often divided into the separate categories of methane (CHI) and non-methane (Moves). Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which contributes to enhanced global warming.. Particulate matter Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM) or fine particles, are tiny articles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In contrast, aerosol refers to particles and the gas together. Increased levels affine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart altered lung function and lung cancer. Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles could cause cardiopulmonary disease. [4][5] Toxic metals, such as lead, cadmium and copper. Chlorofluorocarbons (CIFS) harmful to the ozone layer emitted from products currently banned from use. Ammonia (NH) emitted from agricultural processes. Ammonia is a compound with the formula NH. Although in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. Odors such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes Radioactive pollutants produced by nuclear explosions, war explosives, and natural processes such as the radioactive decay of radon. Secondary pollutants include: Particulate matter formed from gaseous primary pollutants and compounds in photochemical smog. Smog is a kind of air pollution; the word smog is a portmanteau of smoke and fog. Classic smog results from large amounts of coal burning in an area caused by a mixture of smoke and sulfur dioxide. Modern smog does not usually come from coal but from vehicular and industrial emissions that are acted on in the atmosphere by ultraviolet light from the sun to form secondary pollutants that also combine with the primary emissions to form photochemical smog. Ground level ozone (03) formed from Knox and Voss. Ozone (03) is a key constituent of the troposphere. It is also an important constituent of certain regions of the stratosphere commonly known as the Ozone layer Approximately nitrate (PAN) similarly formed from Knox and Voss. Minor air pollutants include: * A large number of minor hazardous air pollutants. Some of these are regulated in USA under the Clean Air Act and in Europe under the Air Framework Directive. * A variety of persistent organic pollutants, which can attach to particulate matter. How can air pollution hurt my health? Air pollution can affect our health in many ways with both short-term and long-term effects. Different groups of individuals are affected by air pollution in different ways. Some individuals are much more sensitive to pollutants than are others. Young children and elderly people often suffer more from the effects of air pollution. People with health problems such as asthma, earth and lung disease may also suffer more when the air is polluted. The extent to which an individual is harmed by air pollution usually depends on the total exposure to the damaging chemicals, I. E. , the duration of exposure and the concentration of the chemicals must be taken into account. Examples of short-term effects include irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, and upper respiratory infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include headaches, nausea, and allergic reactions. Short-term air pollution can aggravate the medical conditions of individuals with asthma and emphysema. In the great Smog Disaster in London in 1952, four thousand people died in a few days due to the high concentrations Of pollution. Eng-term health effects can include chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys. Continual exposure to air pollution affects the lungs of growing children and may aggravate or complicate medical conditions in the elderly. It is estimated that half a million people die prematurely every year in the United States as a result of smoking cigarettes. Reduction efforts Air pollution has many disastrous effects that need to be curbed. In order to accomplish this, governments, scientists and environmentalists are using or testing a variety of methods aimed at reducing pollution. There are two main types of pollution control. Input control involves preventing a problem before it occurs, or at least limiting the effects the process will produce. Five major input control methods exist. People may try to restrict population growth, use less energy, improve energy efficiency, reduce waste, and move to non-polluting renewable forms of energy production. Also, automobile-produced pollution can be decreased tit highly beneficial results. Different Ways To Prevent Air Pollution Vehicle Care: Timely servicing of the car helps to keep it in a good condition and also minimizes fuel exhaust. Driving the car at an average speed and turning off in traffic is a key to save fuel. Make sure to use unleaded petrol and opt for regular pollution checking of your car. Public Transport: Whenever possible, try to travel by public transports. This helps in two ways; prevents air pollution and increases public income. If you are going to a nearby place, go by walking Or use bicycle, instead of using your vehicle. The objective is to minimize the use of fuels, as far as possible. Alternative Energy Source: Another effective way to prevent air pollution is to use alternative energy sources such as solar energy, hydroelectric energy and wind energy. Nowadays, sophisticated technologies such as wind turbine, solar water heaters are introduced to generate electricity and other energy forms for the household use. Saving Energy: Saving energy will, of course, help to prevent air pollution. Switch off the lights, fans, air conditioners, televisions, and other appliances, when not in use. You can also share a room with others when the air intentioned or fan is on, instead of switching them on in every room. Minimize Air Pollutants: Always try to minimize smoke emission, as it can contribute to air pollution. One way is to compost dried leaves and kitchen waste, instead of burning them. Composting will also give you organic fertilizer for your garden. While buying the products, always choose air- friendly and recyclable products that will minimize the emission of pollutants. Floods There are few places on Earth where people need not be concerned about flooding. Any place where rain falls is vulnerable, although rain is not the only impetus for flood. A flood occurs when water overflows or inundates land thats normally dry. This can happen in a multitude of ways. Most common is when rivers or streams overflow their banks. Excessive rain, a ruptured dam or levee, rapid ice melting in the mountains, or even an unfortunately placed beaver dam can overwhelm a river and send it spreading over the adjacent land, called a floodplain. Coastal flooding occurs when a large storm or tsunami causes the sea to surge inland. Most floods take hours or even days to develop, giving residents ample time to prepare or evacuate. Others generate quickly and with little warning. These flash floods can be extremely dangerous, instantly turning a babbling brook into a thundering wall of water and sweeping everything in its path downstream. Types of Floods Revering * Slow kinds: Runoff from sustained rainfall or rapid snow melt exceeding the capacity of a rivers channel. Causes include heavy rains from monsoons, hurricanes and tropical depressions, foreign winds and warm rain affecting snow pack. Unexpected drainage obstructions such as landslides, ice, or debris can cause slow flooding upstream of the obstruction. Fast kinds: include flash floods resulting from convective precipitation (intense thunderstorms) or sudden release from an upstream impoundments created behind a dam, landslide, or glacier. Estuarine * Commonly caused by a combination of sea tidal surges caused by storm- force winds. A storm surge, from either a tropical cyclone or an extraterritorial cyclone, falls within this category. Coastal * Caused by severe sea storms, or as a result of another hazard (e. G. Tsunami or hurricane). A storm surge, from either a tropical cyclone or an extraterritorial cyclone, falls within this category. Catastrophic * Caused by a significant and unexpected event e. G. Dam breakage, or as a result of another hazard (e. G. Earthquake or volcanic eruption). Human- induced * Accidental damage by workmen to tunnels or pipes. Muddy * A muddy flood is produced by an accumulation of runoff generated on cropland. Sediments are then detached by runoff and carried as suspended matter or bed load. Muddy runoff is more likely detected when it reaches inhabited areas. Muddy floods are therefore a hill slope process, and confusion with mudflows produced by mass movements should be avoided. Other Floods can occur if water accumulates across an impermeable surface (e. G. From rainfall) and cannot rapidly dissipate (I. E. Gentle orientation or low evaporation). * A series of storms moving over the same area. * Dam-building beavers can flood low-lying urban and rural areas, often causing significant damage. Effects of Floods Primary effects * Physical damage Can damage any type of structure, including bridges, cars, buildings, sewerage systems, roadways, and canals. Secondary effects * Water supplies Contamination of water. Clean drinking water becomes * Diseases -? Unhygienic conditions. Spread of water-borne diseases. Scarce. * Crops and food supplies Shortage of food crops can be caused due to loss of entire harvest. [4] However, lowlands near rivers depend upon river silt deposited by floods in order to add nutrients to the local soil. * Trees Non- tolerant species can die from suffocation. [5] * Transport Transport links destroyed, so hard to get emergency aid to those who need it. Tertiary/long- term effects Economic Economic hardship, due to: temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, food shortage leading to price increase, etc. Control In many countries across the world, rivers prone to floods are often carefully managed. Defenses such as levees,[6] funds, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks. When these defenses fail, emergency measures such as sandbags or portable inflatable tubes are used. Coastal flooding has been addressed in Europe and the Americas with coastal defenses, such as sea walls, beach nourishment, and barrier islands. Many governments mandate that residents flood-prone areas purchase flood insurance and build flood-resistant structures. Massive efforts to taiga and redirect inevitable floods have resulted in some of the most ambitious engineering efforts ever seen, including New Orleans extensive levee system and massive dikes and dams in the Netherlands. And highly advanced computer modeling now lets disaster authorities predict with amazing accuracy where floods will OCCUr and how severe theyre likely to be. Drought Drought is a period or condition of unusually dry weather within a geographic area where rainfall is normally present. During a drought there is a lack of precipitation. Droughts occur in all climatic zones. However, its characteristics array significantly from one region to another. Drought usually results in a water shortage that seriously interferes with human activity. Water-supply reservoirs empty, wells dry up, and crop damage ensues. Its seriousness depends on the degree of the water shortage, size Of area affected, and the duration and warmth Of the dry period. In many underdeveloped countries, such as India, people place a great demand on water supply. During a drought period there is a lack of water, and thus many of the poor die. Most precipitation depends on water vapor carried by winds from an ocean or other source of moisture. If these moisture-carrying winds are replaced by winds from a dry region, or if they are modified by downward motion, as in the center of an anticyclone, the weather is abnormally dry and often persistently cloudless. If the drought period is short, it is known as a dry spell. A dry spell is usually more than 14 days without precipitation, whereas a severe drought may last for years. Impacts of Drought Drought produces a large number of impacts that affects the social, environmental, and economical standard of living. Its affects spread far beyond the physical effects of drought itself. Water is integral to produce odds and provide certain services-Some direct impacts of drought are reduced crop, rangeland, and forest productivity; reduced Water levees; increased fire hazard; increased livestock and wildlife death rates; and damage to wildlife and fish habitat. A reduction in crop productivity usually results in less income for farmers, increased prices for food, unemployment, and migration. The many effects of drought can be listed as economic, environmental, or social. Effects of Drought Economic Loss of national economic growth, slowing down of economic development Damage to crop quality, less food production Increase in food prices Increased importation of food (higher costs) Insect infestation Plant disease Unavailability of water and feed for livestock which leads to high livestock mortality rates Disruption of reproduction cycles (breeding delays or unfilled pregnancies) Environmental Increased desertification Damage to animal species Reduction and degradation offish and wildlife habitat Lack of feed and drinking water Disease Increased predation. Social Food shortages Loss of human life from food shortages, heat, suicides, violence and physical stress Water user conflicts Political conflicts Increased poverty Types of Drought Meteorological, Hydrological, Agricultural and Socioeconomic Meteorological Drought Mental Meteorological drought is the amount of dryness and the duration of the dry period. Atmospheric conditions that result in deficiencies of precipitation change from area to area. Agricultural Drought Agricultural drought mainly effects food production and farming. Agricultural drought and precipitation shortages bring soil water deficits, reduced ground water or reservoir levels, and so on. More of these effects can be listed by clicking here. Deficient topsoil moisture at planting may stop germination, leading to low plant populations. Hydrological Drought Hydrological drought is associated with the effects of periods of precipitation shortages on water supply. Water in hydrological storage systems such as reservoirs and rivers are often used for multiple purposes such as flood control, irrigation, recreation, navigation, hydrophone, and wildlife habitat. Competition for water in these storage systems escalates during drought and conflicts between water users increase significantly. Socioeconomic Drought Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for an economic good exceeds supply as a result of a weather-related shortfall in water supply. The supply of many economic goods, such as water, forage, food grains, fish, and hydroelectric power, depends on weather. Due to variability of climate, water supply is sufficient in some years but not satisfactory to meet human and environmental needs in other years.

The Physics of Bridges essays

The Physics of Bridges essays Bridges are a very important part of everyday life. They can save hours in traveling time each day or connect to pieces of land together. The everyday man may not appreciate them but they are by engineers and fans of physics. Bridges are perfect examples of physics. There are different types of bridges, each with a specific purpose. The ones that we chose to talk about are beam, arches, and suspension bridges. Beam bridges are the cheapest type of bridge to make. They are the most simplest to construct compared to the others. The simplest form of a beam bridge would if you took a board of any size and placed it over two desk that are closer than the boards length. If the gap is to great or too much of a load is added then the board will sag greatly. This may be solved if, the thickness of the board is increased or there are supports that are put in. The arch bridge is one of the oldest forms of a bridge. It is like a inverted suspension bridge, with all the tension replaced by compression, and vice versa. There are differences in the stability of the system. An example would be if you, hung a rope across a gap, and it will return to its original position, after some oscillation. Though you cannot hang it in the shape of an arch, even if it could be done the slightest disturbance would send it flying. One reason that an arch bridge has good support is that the volume between the road and the arches is it is filled with masonry, which adds rigidity. The other is that the arch has substantial thickness, so that even with variation in the load, the line of thrust passes through the voussoirs. Suspension bridges are the light and strong and can span distances of 2,000 to 7,000 feet, which is far longer than any other type. Though they are very good they are the most expensive. What a suspension bridge does it suspends the roadway from huge main cables, which extend from one end ...

Nutritional assessment and management of patient with Acute Essay

Nutritional assessment and management of patient with Acute Pancreatitis - Essay Example Both these types may lead to the development of pancreatic cancer. Various factors are attributed to the aetiology of acute pancreatitis. The risk of development of pancreatitis differs with age and sex, and it most commonly occurs among the black population than any other race (Yadav & Lowenfels 2012). The most common cause of acute pancreatitis is gall stones and can be eliminated with the help of early cholecystectomy (Yadav & Lowenfels 2012). Alcoholism and smoking lead to be independent factors in the development of pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis can occur within hours or 2 days following the consumption of alcohol. Other causes of acute pancreatitis include abdominal trauma, infections, medications, tumours, and genetic abnormalities. The symptoms include upper abdominal pain which may be gradual or sudden followed by consumption of food. The pain may be mild initially and may result in severe form later. Symptoms like nausea, vomiting, fever, rapid pulse may be present. Seve re acute pancreatitis may be fatal to the patient with failures of the kidney, the lungs and the heart. In the following essay, an attempt is made to critically evaluate the clinical condition of Mrs. Barrowman diagnosed with acute pancreatitis and to identify the factors that may affect her nutritional status, and to assess her nutritional risk status using ‘MUST’ (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool). Mrs. Barrowman, 54 years, got admitted in the ITU with the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. During admission, the patient was presented with symptoms of severe abdominal pain and vomiting, which are one of the main signs of acute pancreatitis. Physically, height of the patient is 1.78 m and weight 58 kg prior to the period of ill health, and might have possibly lost 1-5 kg during her illness. Third day observation charted the following: BP: 105/75 mm Hg, heart rate: 130 bpm and is presented with sinus tachycardia. She has pitting edema all over the body. Other laboratory

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Leadership - Essay Example In light of this she is still to give recommendations to the senior management on where the ‘additional’ officers will be deployed. Kathy’s team members are aware of this move and as a result they are distressed: an aspect that as earlier stated is affecting their work performance a great deal. The main aim for Kathy is to ensure that the team members’ work performance is within acceptable levels especially during this transition period. This paper will use a leadership approach to come up with how best to solve the dilemma Kathy has. Leaders are supposed to always be able to ensure that things are done through influencing others. For a leadership process to be complete there has to be the leader followed by the task to handle and lastly the ones being led: termed as followers. Â  According to Stojkovic et al. (2008) a leader has to be visionary, good behaviour, be charismatic, have a trait and above all manifest a form of leadership style. Leaders in daily duties are faced with situations that force them to act in a certain manner. Situational variables dictate what to be done and at what time. Some of the situational factors that are of importance to consider are the style the leader opt, followers’ behaviours and capabilities among others. Contingency theories therefore play a key role in guiding leaders on how to lead more so depending on situational analysis. Contingency theories indicate that there is no particular style of leadership that can apply to any given situation. This clearly stipulates th at leaders’ approaches to a demanding situation will depend hugely on the dynamics that the situation poses. The same case applies to leaders themselves whereby if one fails to change with a situation then the chances of success in a volatile environment are slim. Decision making process is complex and can be made simple by a leader’s ability to appreciate change in the environment and by approaching

Fifth Element of Game Theory Essay Example for Free

Fifth Element of Game Theory Essay As each of the competing companies watchfully study the moves made by the others in the same industry they all belong to, they sometimes end up deciding to just do the best they can to win the biggest share in the market – without spending more time focusing of the others. This direction, when taken by the industry players, results to the occurrence of â€Å"Nash equilibrium. † (Economics 11th Edition by Richard G. Lipsey Paul N. Courant, UK: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996) The above graph illustrates the Nash equilibrium and the optimum result that it leads to (Osborne, An Introduction to Game Theory). As opposed to how badly things may end up for the competing players, Nash equilibrium brings in profitable results for everybody. As opposed to getting stuck with the â€Å"prisoner’s dilemma† or the â€Å"pride game†, companies in this scenario have individually opted to stick to the strategies that they believe will work and will hand them the market dominance that will secure their place as the industry leader. Effects of Equilibrium Equilibrium brings balance to the economy – whether long- or short-lived. As a temporary phase that may or may not be maintained, equilibrium occurs when there is no tendency for change in the decisions of the economic entities regarding their products and services, the price and volume that they will supply, and the demand segment that they will target. (Lipsey Courant 510) Equilibrium comes in different forms as prevailing circumstances vary. â€Å"In the macroeconomic goods market, equilibrium occurs when planned aggregate expenditure is equal to aggregate output. † Thus, the volume that the suppliers has made available in the market is the same volume that buyers will actually buy. Meanwhile, equilibrium in the financial markets is attained when the supply of money is equal to the demand for money (Case Fair 67). In this setting, qualified borrowers find that there are loans that they can avail. In the same setting, financial institutions are able to use in their operations the idle cash in their coffers – they issue loans to maximize their income from lending activities. Equilibrium has been thoroughly explored as a concept and has been attributed with all kinds of applications arising from distinct circumstances and conclusions. It is not surprising that there evolved a specialized branch of game theory called â€Å"General Equilibrium Theory† which is widely used in analyzing the public and private sectors of the economy. (David Levine website) Freddie Mac in the Game Theory Freddie Mac never had to ward off many competitors in the industry. As one of the two giants –the other one being Fannie Mae – serving the country’s secondary mortgage market, the gaming area has turned out to be definitely spacious. Indeed, there is the entire USA as the territory to be serviced and there come the banks to take care of dealing with them – then there come Freddie Mac, Fanny Mae and Ginny to pour in the needed financial resources. With Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae issuing or guaranteeing a total of $5. 4 trillion in outstanding mortgage debt, these two companies practically make up the entire mortgage industry. Furthermore, they are equipped with all the needed ammunition for winning: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have indisputable strong points. Due to the implied backing of the United States government, they enjoy virtually unlimited access to the capital markets at funding costs that are below market. They pay no local taxes, only national. Each has enjoyed tremendous growth and profitability. As the biggest issuers of mortgage-backed securities and corporate securities in the world, the biggest buyers and hedgers of the securities in the world, and, not least, the source of liquidity for more than 75% of conventional and conforming home mortgages extended in this country, it could be argued that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac are about as central to the American capital markets as the Treasury Department. (Annaly webstie) (Source: World Socialist website) Indeed, with their coveted roles as providers of a continuing supply of money for the banking institutions engaged in retail lending to the multitudes, Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae own the game. As competitors offering the same products and services, enjoying the same rare privileges and dealing with the same clients, Freddie Mac and Fannie May have consistently been like identical twins – though Fannie May turns out to be decades older than Freddie Mac. With each one of them keen on beating the other, the strategies and packages they resorted to turned out to work for both of them, at least during the booming growth years of the industry. Consistent with the Nash equilibrium concept, a report that came out in the Spring of 2002 showed that fully one-half of 2002’s 1. 2% gain in real GDP growth was brought on by the housing activities across the country. (Annaly website) Freddie Mac and Fannie May have been playing the Nash Equilibrium game. In such a game as theirs, â€Å"players play the best they can given their beliefs, and they have learned all there is to learn about their opponent’s play† (David Levine website). Works Cited Osborne, Martin. An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford University Press, 2002. Lipsey, Richard Courant, Paul. Economics 11th Edition. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996. Case, Karl Fair, Ray. Principles of Economics 8th Edition. Prentice Hall, 2007. Levine, David. What is Game Theory? Department of Economic, UCLA. 29 October 2008 http://levine. sscnet. ucla. edu/general/whatis. htm#General%20equilibrium%20theory Annaly. com Website. FAQs on Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 29 October 2008 http://www. annaly. com/ie/ffmfaq. html World Socialist Web Site. The Importance of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. 29 October 2008 http://www. wsws. org/articles/2008/jul2008/debt-j25. shtml

Karl Marx :: Karl Marx Biography Essays

Karl Marx Karl Marx was the greatest thinker and philosopher of his time. His views on life and the social structure of his time revolutionized the way in which people think. He created an opportunity for the lower class to rise above the aristocrats and failed due to the creation of the middle class. Despite this failure, he was still a great political leader and set the basis of Communism in Russia. His life contributed to the way people think today, and because of him people are more open to suggestion and are quicker to create ideas on political issues. Karl Heinrich Marx was born May 5th, 1818 in Trier. Although he had three other siblings, all sisters, he was the favorite child to his father, Heinrich. His mother, a Dutch Jewess named Henrietta Pressburg, had no interest in Karl's intellectual side during his life. His father was a Jewish lawyer, and before his death in 1838, converted his family to Christianity to preserve his job with the Prussian state. When Heinrich's mother died, he no longer felt he had an obligation to his religion, thus helping him in the decision in turning to Christianity. Karl's childhood was a happy and care-free one. His parents had a good relationship and it help set Karl in the right direction." His ‘splendid natural gifts' awakened in his father the hope that they would one day be used in the service of humanity, whilst his mother declared him to be a child of fortune in whose hands everything would go well. (The story of his life, Mehring, page 2) In high school Karl stood out among the crowd. When asked to write a report on "How to choose a profession" he took a different approach. He took the angle in which most interested him, by saying that there was no way to choose a profession, but because of circumstances one is placed in an occupation. A person with a aristocratic background is more likely to have a higher role in society as apposed to someone from a much poorer background. While at Bonn at the age of eighteen he got engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, daughter of the upperclassmen Ludwig von Westphalen. She was the childhood friend of Marx's oldest sister, Sophie. The engagement was a secret one, meaning they got engaged without asking permission of Jenny's parents. Heinrich Marx was uneasy about this but before long the consent was given.

A Lost Lady – Essay

Set In Sweet Water, In the western plains, where Captain Forrester could comfortably transport â€Å"friends from Omaha or Denver over from the station in his democrat wagon† (5) to his stately home, a story unfolds that pits two worlds against each other–that of an Ideal past and that of the grim present. The narrator assumes the perspective of a third person omniscient, able to provide Insight Into characters' thoughts and motivations, and centers the novel on Marina Forrester and the men who surround her.Yet what seems to Interest Catcher irately in this work is the conflict between two generations of pioneer men in the West and resulting redefinition of manhood during the lamina period between the late 1 9th and early 20th centuries. Largely, Nile Herbert fascination with Marina Forrester and the men whom she attracts drives the novel, for Nile observes Marina through the years–with an interest that mirrors that of Wintergreen in Henry Sesame's Daisy Miller. Despite their age difference (he is 12 years old when he first meets Mrs..Forrester), Nile becomes enthralled with Marina as an image of Victorian mysticism during his youth. She becomes an â€Å"angel of the house,† happily greeting visitors in a disheveled dressing gown, with her hair partially coiffed, or toting baskets of freshly baked cookies to the neighborhood boys playing near the stream on the Forrester grounds. While Nile is still a boy, the Captain assumes the role of a great protector who chooses not to drain his fields for more productive land, but rather magnanimously allows the creek to run through his pasture, because he can afford to and because he admires the beauty of the place.This landscape becomes hemolytic, for when the Captain becomes ill and eventually dies, many changes take place at the homestead. For Catcher, the noble pioneer embodied by the Captain, who appreciates nature and values its beauty, finds replacement in the selfish modern man of Ivy P eters, who sees nature only In terms of resources waiting to be stripped and profits to be made. When Captain Forester's health weakens, Ivy Peters moves onto Forester's land and starts to assume his role as the dominant male In the household, replacing the grand, strong figure of the older railroad man.Ivy makes the session to drain the Forrester' meadowland, Instead planting wheat that will then be harvested and cut down. Catcher writes: â€Å"All the way from Missouri to the mountains this generation of shrewd, young men, trained to petty economies by hard times, would do exactly what Peters had done when he drained the Forrester marsh† (90). Here, Ivy acts as a symbol of a new generation of ruthless â€Å"shrewd young men† who ravage the landscape and strip the feminizes earth of her resources.Yet Ivy will not only dominate the land; the beautiful woman, like the beautiful land, also Decodes a target AT exploration. Marlin Forrester Decodes Immediately Keenan to a bird when Nile returns after being away for two years from the Forrester and the town in which they live. When Nile first greets Marina, he does so by clasping her in his arms while she lay on a hammock, â€Å"like a bird caught in a net† (92).This image of a bird becomes instrumental in Marina's relationship to Ivy; if Marina is the bird, then is the cruel male who will mutilate her and show her his dominance increasingly. That Catcher would use this image of a bird in reference to Marina, after roving her reader with a dramatic scene of cruelty and abuse when Peters uses a tool from a taxidermy kit to slice the eyes of a female woodpecker he has captured in his hands, while calling her â€Å"Miss Female,† stands as something more than coincidence.When the reader examines Ivy's treatment of Mrs.. Forrester, one sees that she becomes more and more dependent on him and therefore must tolerate his disrespectful behavior. â€Å"Poison Ivy† will become the scourge t hat ravages the â€Å"forest† found in Marina Forrest(ere), subtly spreading and taking over her land. A casting image of Marina emerges from the story she tells about how she and Captain Forrester became married.When Marina describes the scene in which she, crippled with two broken legs, is carried out of the ravine by men who took alternate turns in bearing her weight, an image of Captain Forrester holding the broken body of his wife reveals the Captain's comfort in taking care of a dependent woman. Marina's dependence does not threaten the Captain but draws them together. Marina submits to Captain Forrester and trusts that he will take care of her, for he represents the idealized image of masculinity that countered the Victorian â€Å"angel of the house† as the strong, dominant provider.After her husband's death, which leaves her disoriented like the blinded bird, without the Captain to carry her or give her a strong sense of noble masculinity from which to contrast herself, she must redefine her feminine female subject position against a new kind of male. Just as the new, modern male will exploit land and women, so will Marina learn to use her beauty as a commodity, in order to gain financial security within an increasingly commercialism world of men.